Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Several Acts and Codes of Education During the Victorian Period

Instruction during the Victorian Period advanced because of a few demonstrations and codes throughout the years. Deliberate schools, which the Church gave, were established by the Anglican National Society after the award of 1833 was proposed. The award went to strict bodies, which were utilized to construct schools. It was the primary acknowledgment by the legislature to give the poor an instruction. The award expanded to 30,000 pounds in 1839 and afterward to 100,000 pounds in 1846. These willful schools were paid for by private membership and were spread out over the nation. Gladstone†s Bill of 1870 was crafted by W.E. Forster, who was an impassioned churchman of Quaker starting point. The bill multiplied the State Grant to chapel schools and to Roman Catholic schools so they could turn into a changeless piece of the new instructive framework. There were seven first class life experience schools that were characterized as â€Å"Public Schools† in the 1860†³s by the instructive Clarendon commission. They were Eton, Harrow, Westminster, Rugby, Winchester, Charterhouse, and Shrewsbury. They were kept up by private financing and got no benefits. The Code of 1890 made it conceivable to keep up night continuation schools, which we believe are night schools. The new schools were known as Board Schools and they were paid for by nearby rates, or by the neighborhood educational committees. Church showing proceeded in every single national school. Prior to this, all the places of worship needed to give the instruction. The Roman Catholics and the Anglicans wouldn†t let their kids go to these schools, however. They felt that these schools didn't sufficiently show their strict thoughts. Board schools were presented and the Roman Catholics and the Anglicans concurred that these schools fulfilled all their instructive needs. The demonstrations of 1876 and 1880 made participation in schools vital. During the initial not many long periods of Queen Victoria†s rule, 30-half of the kids went to class. The most well-known schools were Sunday schools. They went there in the event that they weren†t working and keeping in mind that there they figured out how to â€Å"read† the Bible. Its essential capacity was to fit individuals for their put in the social request. From 1870-1890 the normal school participation rose from 1.25 million to 4.5 million and the cash spent on every youngster was multiplied. After the New County Council was built up, a powerful advance towards an arrangement of optional training was taken Only 8% of male kids got any auxiliary instruction. After the 1870†³s there were a developing number of girls† government funded schools. They utilized more seasoned kids to instruct the more youthful and the training occurred in one enormous room. This made it conceivable to have less instructors and to have lower building costs. With the section of two acts, you needed to go schools until you were 12 years old and training was accommodated the visually impaired and hard of hearing kids. It wasn†t until 1899 and the foundation of the National Board of Education that free state funded instruction was accessible to all kids in England. The accentuation on modernizing gifts, making grants serious, giving a non-old style course of study as an option in contrast to the conventional one that underlined Greek and Latin, building up house frameworks, focusing on school soul, stressing strong Christianity and games like football and cricket as methods for improving character, turned into a model for other Victorian government funded schools. The entire instruction process was intended to form understudies into youthful Christian men of their word and women. Training During the Victorian Period Training during the Victorian Period advanced because of a few demonstrations and codes throughout the years. Intentional schools, which the Church gave, were established by the Anglican National Society after the award of 1833 was proposed. The award went to strict bodies, which were utilized to assemble schools. It was the main acknowledgment by the administration to give the poor an instruction. The award expanded to 30,000 pounds in 1839 and afterward to 100,000 pounds in 1846. These willful schools were paid for by private membership and were spread out over the nation. Gladstone†s Bill of 1870 was crafted by W.E. Forster, who was a passionate churchman of Quaker starting point. The bill multiplied the State Grant to chapel schools and to Roman Catholic schools so they could turn into a perpetual piece of the new instructive framework. There were seven tip top live-in schools that were characterized as â€Å"Public Schools† in the 1860†³s by the instructive Clarendon commission. They were Eton, Harrow, Westminster, Rugby, Winchester, Charterhouse, and Shrewsbury. They were kept up by private financing and got no benefits. The Code of 1890 made it conceivable to keep up night continuation schools, which we believe are night schools. The new schools were known as Board Schools and they were paid for by neighborhood rates, or by the nearby educational committees. Church showing proceeded in every national school. Prior to this, all the chapels needed to give the training. The Roman Catholics and the Anglicans wouldn†t let their kids go to these schools, however. They felt that these schools didn't sufficiently show their strict thoughts. Board schools were presented and the Roman Catholics and the Anglicans concurred that these schools fulfilled all their instructive needs. The demonstrations of 1876 and 1880 made participation in schools vital. During the initial barely any long periods of Queen Victoria†s rule, 30-half of the youngsters went to class. The most well-known schools were Sunday schools. They went there on the off chance that they weren†t working and keeping in mind that there they figured out how to â€Å"read† the Bible. Its essential capacity was to fit individuals for their put in the social request. From 1870-1890 the normal school participation rose from 1.25 million to 4.5 million and the cash spent on every kid was multiplied. After the New County Council was built up, a compelling advance towards an arrangement of auxiliary instruction was taken Only 8% of male kids got any optional training. After the 1870†³s there were a developing number of girls† government funded schools. They utilized more seasoned kids to instruct the more youthful and the training occurred in one huge room. This made it conceivable to have less instructors and to have lower building costs. With the section of two acts, you needed to go schools until you were 12 years old and instruction was accommodated the visually impaired and hard of hearing kids. It wasn†t until 1899 and the foundation of the National Board of Education that free government funded instruction was accessible to all youngsters in England. The accentuation on modernizing gifts, making grants serious, giving a non-old style course of study as an option in contrast to the conventional one that underlined Greek and Latin, setting up house frameworks, focusing on school soul, stressing strong Christianity and games like football and cricket as methods for improving character, turned into a model for other Victorian government funded schools. The entire training process was intended to form understudies into youthful Christian noble men and women.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Analysis Of Abe Kobos The Red :: essays research papers

As a rule, the motivation behind most types of imaginative articulation, for example, abstract craftsmanship, music, or workmanship itself is a mode by which the creator can communicate him/herself with. They utilize their individual aptitudes or potentially interests to pass on emotions or contemplations on some random subject. Short fiction is in no way, shape or form excluded from this. Numerous essayists utilize their artistic aptitudes to communicate dreams, desires, suppositions, or even political perspectives. So as to make a dertermination of a plausible cause for a story, investigation into the creators life and convictions in all likelihood will demonstrate benefical. In light of this, Abe Kobo’s story “The Red Cocoon'; is by all accounts a prime case of a creator communicating his political perspectives and his own contentions with society through writing. Given this, looking into his life and political position may assist with supporting or nullify suc h a presumption. Â Â Â Â Â “The Red Cocoon'; starts with a man strolling down a road talking about with himself the issue of not having a house to return home to. The storyteller, who is likewise the principle character, hops unexpectedly from subject to point all through the story, however this reoccuring topic of the absence of a house is by all accounts a focal thought. As the storyteller comtemplates, he thinks about whether he has recently overlooked his home and continues to thump on the entryway of an irregular house to see whether this is the thing that has occurred. After he has disclosed his predicament to the lady who answers the entryway, he starts contending with her over having confirmation that it isn't his home. Presently, the storyteller starts to contemplate wether or not things, for example, solid funnels or park seats are his home. Concluding that they are headed to having a place with somebody or that they have a place with everybody and not only one individual, he starts to think about whether anything exsists that has a place with nobody. Toward the finish of the story, he finds that one of his legs starts to loosen up into a silk string and envelop him with a case. Â Â Â Â Â Abe Kobo’s story is very conceptual and appears to have small importance. Truth be told, that is the exact inverse. Subsequent to perusing some data about Abe Kobo, the story appears to take on another importance. Abe Kobo is viewed as one of the main creators during the post-WWII period of Japanese history. A significant number of his works use what was then radical masterful techniques for writing (“Abe Kobo';).

Sunday, August 9, 2020

File Reading, Part V - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

File Reading, Part V - UGA Undergraduate Admissions File Reading, Part V The fifth part of the review is already known to most everyone, but I will go ahead and share it with you. In this section, we are looking at an applicants academic progress over the 3-3.5 years of high school where we have grades, looking at both the overall picture and the grade trends. When we look at a students transcript, we are trying to understand how a student has progressed over their 3+ years in high school. Have they been consistently strong throughout the years, did they start slow and then jump up to all As, did they have a tough time in a specific subject, are all their Bs low or high Bs, etc. We then use this in combination with the other factors impacting their life, from family issues that occurred where we saw a dip in grades to how a student did once they got into a specific AP course. If a student made a D in Geometry in 10th grade, did they bounce back from it or keep on a downward trend. All of these factors help us understand the overall picture that the transcript gives us. Three quick warnings/notes on grades: First, we are only looking at core academic work, not PE, Health, Drivers Ed, etc. While your high school may put these classes into your overall GPA, we are not focusing on these course grades. Second, we focus on grades, not on the GPA or rank that is on your transcript. We are looking at how you have done each term in your academic classes, and so when I talk about this area, I try to talk about actual grades. Third, growth in one term, especially the first semester of your senior year, does not count as a trend. If you have Bs and Cs for three years, then suddenly wake up and start making As, we look at this, but it is not a grade trend, this is a grade spike. A trend is a relatively constant movement, while a spike is a sudden shift. If you have a grade spike (hopefully upwards), I am wondering why you did not make this jump earlier. That is the end of Part V, and I am amazed that I was able to keep it so brief! Go Dawgs!

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Effective Communication As A Foundation For Planning

Communication is significant for Soldiers and leaders in the military so as to perform the basic functions of leadership, i.e., Planning, Organizing, and Leading. Good communication helps leaders perform their duties and holds themselves and their Soldiers accountable for their responsibilities and actions or inaction. Effective communication serves as a foundation for planning. All the essential information must flow to the leaders who in-turn must communicate the plans so as to implement them. Organizing also requires effective communication with others about their job task. Similarly leaders must communicate effectively with their subordinates so as to achieve the unit’s goals. ADP 6-22 view on communication is â€Å"Competent leadership†¦show more content†¦Communication makes a significant impact on the moral and command climate within the unit. A good command climate will encourage the unit to be open and want to contribute to the success of the unit. When relationships built, less anxiety, and moral up the unit become more cohesive. Effective communication is a part and parcel of any successful organization. A communication should be free from barriers so as to be effective. Communication is a two way process where the message sent by the sender should be interpreted in the same terms by the recipient. The characteristics of effective communication are as follows: 1. Clarity of Purpose: The message to be delivered must be clear in the mind of sender. The person to whom it is targeted and the aim of the message should be clear in the mind of the sender. 2. Completeness: The message delivered should not be incomplete. It should be supported by facts and observations. It should be well planned and organized. No assumptions should be made by the receiver. 3. Conciseness: The message should be concise. It should not include any unnecessary details. It should be short and complete. 4. Feedback: Whether the message sent by the sender is understood in same terms by the receiver or not can be judged by the feedback received. The feedback should be timely and in personal. It should be specific rather than general. 5. Empathy: Empathy with the listeners is

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Who Is The Categorical Imperative - 882 Words

Carl Zimmer, wrote an essay â€Å"whose life would you save?† that asks why humans make the decisions they make and the philosophy behind it. Zimmer explains that Kant believed that pure reason alone could lead us to moral truths. He declared that it was wrong to use someone for your own ends and that it was right to act only according to principles that everyone could follow. For the sake of understanding who Kant is and his views, the philosopher Kant was a German philosopher and a deontologist; he believed that consequences don’t matter because moral judgment is contained in the act alone. He suggest the Categorical Imperative which means that morality is derived from rationality and all moral judgments are rationally supported. So, just as rational thought leads us to an objective reality, so to as there is an objective morality we can locate through the same process. Kant believes that the Categorical Imperative is a universal moral law that holds up regardless of context and circumstance. What’s right is right and what’s wrong is wrong. The Categorical Imperative is divided into three maxims. The first is universality, which means that you should only do something if it would be okay if everybody did it all the time. You would know if what you were doing is correct if you would be okay with everyone else on the earth doing the exact same thing. The second maxim is that every human being must be treated as an end rather than a means to an end. You are never allowed toShow MoreRelatedKants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral803 Words   |  4 PagesFundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative. (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperative is an obligation by the will to act so that the action canRead MoreKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strict interpretation of Categorical Imperative and a more liberal interpretation. This Kantian moral theory shapes almost allRead More Kants Categorical Imperative Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesKants Categorical Imperative Deontology is the ethical view that some actions are morally forbidden or permitted regardless of consequences. One of the most influential deontological philosophers in history is Immanuel Kant who developed the idea of the Categorical Imperative. Kant believed that the only thing of intrinsic moral worth is a good will. Kant says in his work Morality and Rationality â€Å"The good will is not good because of what it affects or accomplishes or because of it’s adequacyRead MoreTheory Of Morality As A System Of Hypothetical Imperatives Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesHypothetical Imperatives†, Philippa Foot argues against Immanuel Kant, that morality exists in hypothetical imperatives rather than categorical imperatives. For Kant, categorical imperatives alone serve as moral commands, and it would be impossible for a moral system to be based on hypothetical imperatives because such imperatives serve as means to ends and result from maxims that cannot be universalized in to perfect duties. Despite this, Foot holds that acting on many hypothetical imperatives can be morallyRead More Kants Fundamental Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Moral Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesFundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. â€Å"The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative.† (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperative is an obligation by the will to act so that the action canRead More Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesKant and the Categorical Imperative Kant tried to develop a theory of ethics which relied on reason rather than emotion. While he was not anti-religious, he wanted an ethical system which was not clouded by religion, emotion or personal interpretation. He placed emphasis on motives behind an action rather than, like the Utilitarians, the consequences of an action. He believed that consequences were no guide to whether an action was moral or not. His theory is known asRead MoreKant And The Moral Law1451 Words   |  6 Pagescare about that child s well-being and because we are motivated by the moral law to do what is right. Kant would disagree with those who do the right thing for the wrong reason. We, as a society and individuals in that society, should act in ways not because it’s easy for us or more favourable, but because its right and moral. 4) The Categorical Imperative: We see that Kant establishes that a moral action effectively consists of a moral intention motivating that action. Therefore, doing theRead MoreA Critique of the Categorical Imperative1689 Words   |  7 PagesA Critique of the Categorical imperative Immanuel Kant was without doubt one of the most influential Philosophers of his time. He was born in Koinsberg, Prussia on the 22nd of April 1724, and died on the 12th of February 1804 at the age of 79. Throughout his life Kant contributed his ideas to many major fields of Philosophy; however his biggest contribution was to the realm of ethics, when he developed the concept of the categorical imperative. He first introduced this idea in 1785 in a book he titledRead MoreThe Ethical Philosophy Of Immanuel Kant1532 Words   |  7 Pageswield reason and rationality as morally autonomous beings. These obligations manifest to Kant in the distinctive forms of the Categorical Imperative. The Categorical Imperative is an unconditional demand of an action regardless of context or circumstance. For Kant, this was an absolute moral law that stands as do X objectively as you are obligated to. The Categorical Imperative must be known a priori, meaning knowledge that is independent of experience or justification. However, judgement itself cannotRead More Philippa Foots Hypothetical Imperatives Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesPhilippa Foots Hypothetical Imperatives Philippa Foot finds trouble with the arguments of Kant, who said that it was necessary to distinguish moral judgments from hypothetical imperatives. Although this may have become an unquestionable truth, Foot says that this is a misunderstanding. Kant defined a hypothetical imperative as an action that addresses what should or ought to be done. He believed that the necessity of performing a certain action was based on other desires. This particular

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Mimicking Insider Trading Free Essays

Introduction Much of the field of finance Is focused on creating abnormal returns?that is to say. Returns that are different from what one might expect them to be based on various characteristics of the investment?by identifying so-called â€Å"inefficiencies† in the stock market. Perhaps one of the most well-known strategies for taking advantage of these Inefficiencies, a strategy widely discussed In academic as well as Industry literature, is following the trades of company insiders. We will write a custom essay sample on Mimicking Insider Trading or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the united States, company insiders are required to report to the SEC any time they engage in a purchase or sale of their rim’s stock. Within two business days following the date of the trade. This Information, once reported to the SEC, Is subsequently made available to the public almost immediately, allowing outsiders to see exactly how insiders are trading. When insiders trade based on material non-public information and earn abnormal returns, it is a violation of the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, which itself is not backed by any significant emplace evidence, However, If outsiders are able to earn abnormal returns by mimicking Insider trades, this becomes a violation of the ideal-accepted semi-strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, which states that the price of a stock incorporates all publicly available information. The academic literature contains many studies which attempt to generate excess returns by replicating Insider trades, with varying degrees of success. While some early studies (Gaffe 1994, Finery 1996) claimed that outsiders were indeed able to create a small amount of excess returns, a later study by University of Michigan Professor H. Negate Shun concluded that once these trades accounted for transaction costs, the excess returns would be nearly zero. Later studies by Rezone and Zamia (1988). Line and Howe (1990) and Frederica, Gregory, Mahatma and Tones (2002) have also reaffirmed that transaction costs depleted all the excess returns from these studies. (1)On the other hand, several studies conclude that it is possible to earn excess returns by applying a â€Å"mimicking strategy’ selectively. For example, Lakefronts and Lee (2001) conclude that if an investor mimics only large trades and only by the top management of a company (excluding board members, majority shareholders and other company employees), an outsider could in fact generate excess returns. Other theories suggest that It Is possible to successfully replicate Insiders trades by using the strategy in markets outside the US, such as in the Italian, German and Spanish markets. [l] A critical factor in determining whether an outsider will profit from replicating the trade of an insider is the motivation behind the trade. Insiders are likely to engage In Insider trades for a number of reasons, not all of them connected to Inside Information on future firm performance. An Inside trade that Is ambulated by liquidity or diversification needs is unlikely to contain any â€Å"predictive power and exult in any abnormal return for an outsider. While it’s relatively obvious that the Insider’s motivation In making an Inside trade Is a key factor in determining how successful the outsider’s mimicking trades will be, existing academic literature has, for the most part, been unable to take advantage of this factor to increase returns on test portfolios. Were outsiders able to identify the motivation behind the insider’s it might become possible to create a portfolio of performance-predicting trades, which would generate abnormal returns. In a 2007 paper entitled â€Å"Decoding Inside Information†, (Cohen et al. Harvard University and University of Toronto professors test an innovative and original approach to mimicking insider trades. By using a simple algorithm, the strategy attempts to separate insider traders into two categories: opportunistic traders and routine traders. Specifically, the algorithm involves analyzing the past three years of an insider’s trading history, and identifying as routine traders those who had made inside trades in the same calendar month for three consecutive years. The remaining insiders, approximately, 45% of Cohen et al. ‘s sample, is identified as opportunistic traders. Insiders without three years of trading story are discarded from the sample entirely. Cohen et al. Test whether the trades made by these â€Å"opportunistic traders† contain any predictive power relating to firm performance, and how the trades of â€Å"routine traders† perform in comparison. Methodology In order to test the efficacy of this strategy, the authors construct four test portfolios at the end of month t, comprised of month it’s: a) Opportunistic buys b) Opportunistic sells c) Routine buys d) Routine sells At the end of each month, the portfolios are rebalanced to reflect the routine and opportunistic inside trades and buys in that month. The objective of using these oratorios is to test whether or not there is any added value in separating routine traders from opportunistic traders, using the algorithm designed by the authors. In other words, the study tests whether following only those insiders identified by the algorithm as â€Å"opportunistic† could yield a positive alpha, and how this compares to the returns of the â€Å"routine trader† portfolios. As noted above, the SEC requires insiders to report transactions within two business days following the trade (prior to the enactment of Serbians-Solely in 2002, insiders had until the 10th day of the following month to report the trade). In the sample used by Cohen et al. , nearly all of the trades were reported on the day on which the insider made the trade. (2) As such, by the time the portfolios are rebalanced at the end of each month, information on these inside trades would have been publicly available knowledge. Nonetheless, it is important to consider the potential implications of this on the results of the strategy. Predictive Ability of Routine vs. Opportunistic Trades In order to determine whether the â€Å"opportunistic† traders, as defined by Cohen et al. s algorithm, actually contain any predictive power, the authors run pooled aggressions of returns on indicators of routine and opportunistic trades in the prior month, with future one-month returns as the dependent variable. The findings reveal that both the buy and sell opportunistic trades contained much greater predictive power than routine buys and sells. The results reveal that opportunistic buys yield average returns 0. 90 basis points (with a t-statistic of 4. 46), 76 basis points higher than that of routine buys. With a p-value of 0. %, the difference is significant. It is much better indicator than considering all insider buys. Testing opportunistic versus outing sells exhibits similar results, with a coefficient of -0. 78 in the regression of opportunistic sells, and 0. 04 in the regression of routine sells. The difference is again significant with a p-value of 0% (F=29. 30). See Table 1 in Appendix for full results. Alpha The authors test for the presence of abnormal returns using several different asset pricing models, including the CAMP and the Fame-French model, as well as others. While the tests use two different types of portfolios, one value-weighted and one equally weighted, the findings are similar and the results below will therefore focus only on the equally-weighted portfolio. In the case of opportunistic versus routine buys, the results indicate monthly CAMP alphas of 1. 51% (with a t-ratio of 5. 89 and p- value 1%) and 0. 92% respectively. Examining the results with a more complete model, such as the Fama-French, reveals similar findings with opportunistic buys versus routine buys generating monthly Fama-French alphas of 1. % (t-ratio of 5. 49) versus 0. 64%, respectively. Opportunistic versus routine sells leads to similar results. The monthly CAPM alphas for opportunistic sells and routine sells are -0. 30% and 0. 2% respectively and monthly Fama-French alphas of -0. 21% and 0. 43% for opportunistic and routine trades respectively. It is therefore clear that while the opportunistic sells are negatively correlated with the market, the routine sells are not. The results obtained with the others risk models lead to the same results. The results indicate that longing opportunistic buys, and shorting opportunistic sells could yield significant excess returns. An equally-weighted portfolio of opportunistic buys and sells yields a monthly CAMP alpha of 1. 81%, and a monthly Fame-French alpha of 1. 41%, with respective t-ratios of 5. 6 and 5. 04. Based on these results, it is evident that by separating routine and opportunistic trades from trades motivated by liquidity and diversification needs, and following only the former, outsiders may be able to significantly outperform the market. Distribution of Returns While the study by Cohen et al. Goes not provide much information on the characteristics of the distribution of returns on the various portfolios used in their study, looking at other sources which study insider trading strategies may provide some insight into this issue. This information is highly relevant to risk-averse investors, to whom the probability of losses may be as important as the expected return. I n Investment Intelligence from Insider Trading, H. Negate Shun finds that the probability of loss (defined as earning lower returns than an investment in the market portfolio) on a single mimicking transaction is 49. %, excluding transaction costs, and 51 . 7% when transaction costs are taken into account. (3). When combined with the study findings on average return, which falls in the 2-3% depending on the minor variations in the study various tests of the strategy, the approximate 50-50 arability of loss indicates a positive-skewed distribution. As such an investor must mimic a large number of insider trades in order to earn returns near the average of 2-3% in Shunt’s findings. While the relatively high probability of losses may seem risk averse investors, as it indicates a smaller probability of extreme negative losses. Although there are substantial differences between Cohen et al. ‘s study and Shunt’s study?likely the most important of which is that Shun does not differentiate between routine and opportunistic insiders as Cohen et al. Do?the results from Shunt’s study may be an indication that the distribution of Cohen et al. ‘s results are positive-skewed as well. Indeed, it is likely that following only opportunistic traders would both reduce the probability of extreme negative losses, as well as increase the probability of extreme positive gains, thereby resulting in an even further positive- skewed distribution. In addition, the high probability of loss illustrated in Shunt’s findings would likely also be reduced when following only opportunistic traders. Trading Costs and Refinancing Because this strategy involves relatively active trading, its costs (commission fees and id-ask spreads) will undoubtedly be higher than those of a buy and hold strategy. That said, when the strategy is applied selectively, as is the case in the Cohen et al. Study (I. E. By mimicking only opportunistic insiders rather than all insiders) trading costs can be significantly reduced. In Cohen et al. ‘s study, the test portfolios are rebalanced at the end of every month, based on that month’s opportunistic insider trades. In both the opportunistic sell and opportunistic buy portfolios, outsiders would be able to profit by shorting and buying, respectively, holding for a month, and balancing at the end of every month. Monthly refinancing requires immediacy, and the stocks would need to be purchased and sold using market orders. The outsider would thus incur the additional costs off larger bid-ask spread. Outsiders may potentially be able to rebalanced less frequently, submitting limit orders instead of market orders, holding on to the stocks for longer periods of time, and still profit. According to Shunt’s findings,(4) in the case of an â€Å"insider buy’, the profits are realized over the course of several months. (5) As such, the outsider may be able to educe refinancing to twice a year, and hold on to â€Å"insider buy’ stocks for 6 months. In this case, the outsider could likely afford to submit a limit buy order and wait a few days before it executes. However, this does not apply in the case of an â€Å"insider sell†, as there is no evidence to indicate that these profits are realized over a period of many months. As such, monthly refinancing it necessary. Barriers to Implementation In reality, while the strategy would certainly not be difficult to follow for an institutional investor or a sophisticated individual investor, it would perhaps present mom challenges for the average investor. In Investment Intelligence from Insider Trading, Shun advises that an investor mimic close to 100 insiders, in order to reduce the probability of loss to an acceptable level. 6) Granted, applying this to a strategy which differentiates between opportunistic and routine traders would likely require an outsider to follow a smaller number of insiders in order to obtain a reasonably limited probability of loss. Another potential barrier for the average investor is differentiating between routine and opportunistic traders. While Cohen et al. Er e able to accomplish this, as would institutional and sophisticated investors, it resources to successfully differentiate between the two types of insiders. While these issues may not be particularly large obstacles, they do present additional considerations and challenges for the individual investor. Insider Trading and Serbians-Solely An interesting point to consider is the impact of changing SEC reporting regulations on an outsider’s ability to profit from following insider trades. A Stanford University study (Zealand 2005)(6) tested the success of a generic â€Å"mimicking strategy’ in the ears leading up to Serbians-Solely, versus the success of the strategy in the years following the enactment of the new legislation. The study found that in the first 27 months, it was possible to generate excess returns of up to 17. 67%, including trading costs. After this period, however, it was no longer possible to obtain these returns, likely because the market had fully adjusted to this new source of public information. Looking forward, it is possible that any further changes in SEC regulation make information more readily accessible with a smaller delay, will present investors with another opportunity to earn additional returns before the market is able to react. Strategy Comparison While Cohen et al. Are the first to attempt to generate excess returns by differentiating specifically between routine and opportunistic traders, a number of studies in the academic literature have sought to increase returns from following insider trading by applying the strategy in various other selective ways. Although the â€Å"routine vs.. Opportunistic† strategy appears to be the most successful thus far, several other versions of the strategy have also managed to create excess returns. A duty conducted in Sweden (Ayatollah and El-Marin, 2005) reveals that replicating insider trades of stocks listed on the A-List and Attract 40 (the Swedish stock indices reserved for larger companies with significant operating history) does not generate abnormal returns at a significant level. On the other hand, replicating buy transactions of â€Å"insider clusters† (multiple firm insiders making similar trades in the same time period) of firms trading on the O-list (designated for companies which lack the requisite operating history or size for listing on the more established lists) could generate abnormal returns up to 33. , excluding transaction costs. By selectively applying a mimicking strategy to smaller companies rather than larger ones, to buy transactions rather than sell transactions, and to insider clusters (numerous firm insiders making same-type trades in a given period of time) rather to individual investors,(7) an outsider may be able to generate excess return s. The study conducted by Shun, which examines 60,000 insider transactions on the NYSE from 1975-1981, reveals similar results. Over the course of 100 days, the buy transactions exhibited excess returns of 3%, while the sell transactions underperformed the racket by 1 . %. In other words, an outsider may have been able to profit by going long â€Å"inside buys†, but not by shorting â€Å"inside sells†. He also found that there has been a greater amount of uninformative sell transactions that have taken place in the ass, compared to the ass-ass(8), it could be that since sass, the amount and frequency of stock compensations has greatly and continuously increased,(9),thus it into routines and opportunistic you would be able to keep the informative transactions and be less affect by this tendency. Shunt’s results also indicate that placating insider trades in smaller firms generated higher excess returns than insider trades in larger firms. (10) It may be easier to generate excess returns by replicating insider trades in smaller firms, because these insiders are typically subjected to less scrutiny by analysts and by the media than their counterparts in larger firms. As such, they may be more willing to engage in profitable, â€Å"performance- predicting† trades than insiders at larger firms. However, it’s also possible that these trades generate higher expected returns simply because they have increased risk. In order to compensate investors for this risk, investments in smaller firms can be expected to generate higher returns, as reflected in the Fame French model. Similar to the Swedish study, a study conducted by Jenny et al. (1999) (7) also found replicating insider cluster transactions to be more profitable than replicating individual insider transactions. The rationale behind this?that same-type transactions from multiple firm insiders within a given period is likely motivated by insider knowledge rather than by investor-specific needs–is fairly obvious. 11) Cohen at al. Observe similar results in Decoding Inside Information. The study findings indicate that a one- standard deviation increase in the log number of opportunistic sells translates into a decrease in future returns of 29 basis points per month (excluding the specific days each year when firm executives receive stock compensation and subsequently liquidate some of their stake in the firm). (12) By differentiating b etween routine and opportunistic traders as Cohen et al. O, outsiders can avoid these routine sells, and mimic only informative inside clusters. Looking Forward Although Cohen et al. And others have illustrated various ways in which outsiders ay be able to generate excess returns by mimicking insider trades, several potential obstacles may stand in the way of this strategy in the future. As with any market inefficiency, increased popularity of the strategy as well as increased accessibility to information on insider trades may cause a decline in future returns. Today, there are already a multitude of web sites that allow outsiders to track insider trades, making information about such trades readily accessible to the average investor. As a growing number of outsiders attempt to replicate these trades, it is likely that it will come increasingly difficult for investors to mimic trades in time to capture any gains. Another potential threat to this strategy is the proliferation of endowment assurances, which firm insiders use to take advantage of offshore solutions in order to hide their transactions. Insiders are therefore able to trade stocks and derivatives of companies â€Å"anonymously’, and avoid reporting insider trades to regulators. This would obviously prohibit outsiders from gaining access to and mimicking insider trades. (13) Lastly, increased penalties for insider trading could also threaten the success of the strategy. Cohen et al. How that during periods with increased cases of investors being prosecuted for insider trad ing, the number of trades identified as â€Å"opportunistic† decrease. In other words, insiders take seriously the risk of being caught and charged. How to cite Mimicking Insider Trading, Papers

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Globalization Affect Human Rights free essay sample

Therefore, whereas most believe that globalisation will help improve both the economy and living standards, the others are aware of its negative effects on human rights which have become a controversial issue targeted by the media. Although globalisation plays a significant role in economic growth, its effects can cause a variety of serious concerns about individual rights. It will be argued in this essay that not only because of its drawbacks including poor working conditions and low wages, but also because of child labour issues, the ethical issues related to globalization should be considered. This essay will first indicate benefits of globalization in reducing poverty, improving the quality of life and workplace standards. Secondly, the arguments against globalization due to serious effects on individual rights will be demonstrated. Finally, it will discuss some solutions and evaluate the feasibility of the implementation of these solutions. Definitions Globalization is defined in many different ways. However, all of them imply that globalization is a process which has been bringing the world closer through the exchange of technology, economy, polity and culture across national frontiers that lead to greater interdependence between countries with free transfer of goods, services, capital, labor and knowledge (Awuah Amal, 2011). In other words, globalization may be described as an elimination of barriers of time and distance to increase the connectivity among countries of the world (Healey, 2008). Child labour can be defined as any kind of harmful work that a young child has to do with low pay levels due to psychological, social, and materialistic pressure upon them including responsibility for their family’s survival and themselves (Ahmad, et al. , 2011). This concentrates mainly in the developing countries where there are numerous low-income families with parents who without educational qualifications or disability may not earn enough money to feed themselves and their children. As a result of this, these children have to go to work to sustain life. Ethics can be defined as a system of moral principles that affects people’s decisions as to what is good for individuals and society, and concerned with responsibility and human rights (Healey, 1995). A morally right action can produce a good outcome and contrasts with a wrong action which may lead to a serious consequence. Thereby, in order to evaluate the rightness and wrongness of actions, it is possibly based on moral theories. The benefits of globalization on economy and society It is claimed that globalization has positive influences on the economy and society. Firstly, it can lead to improvement in the standard of living and diminishing poverty rates, compared with globalization when international trade had not taken place, exchange trading between countries was limited due to tariff barriers leading to hampering the transfer of commodities across borders. Therefore, it was possible only to be consumed domestic goods instead of diverse imported goods. However, as a result of globalization, advancement of global economy and expansion foreign direct investment lead to local economic development with the diversification of commodities and the improvement in efficiency and productivity (Healey A, 2008). McNichol, (cited in Healey A, 2008) states that the economic gains of globalization led to the acceleration of the standard of living and the decline in poverty. According to the World Bank, from 1993 to 1998, poverty rate has reduced by 14 percent in developing countries, similar to about 107 million people. This may result from receiving foreign investment that plays an important role in local economy growth. For example, the proportion of population living in poverty in India decreased by half in the two decades, from the 1970s to 1990s, while the number of Chinese in poverty declined by approximately 210 million during twenty-one years, from 1978 to 1999 (Healey 2008). In other words, the standard of living is improving due to the benefits of international economic activities. Moreover, the quality of life of citizens in these countries is possibly improved with developing health care services and clean water, leading to increasing the average life expectancy. It is possible to anticipate that the number of citizens living for at least sixty years will account for about 85 percent of the world’s population (Healey, 2008). This is due to the effects of globalization on medicine that have led to an increase of international medical exchange. As a result, solutions for disease treatment and surgery had been increasing remarkably that may save many people from death. Thus, life expectancy is lengthened. In other words, globalization may provide better living conditions and double the average life expectancy of 100 years ago (Healey, 2008). Furthermore, increasing global income and reducing investment barriers that globalization brings attract foreign direct investment. As a result of this, many factories have been opened up in developing countries with the average wage levels higher compare with those in local companies. In addition, these have adequate conditions for local employees developing their individual capacity including modern equipment, well-paying, high security and equal competition (Healey, 2008). Nike is an example of foreign direct investment. With developing distribution networks for high-quality shoes worldwide, Nike has opened up many factories in developing countries, especially South-East Asia. This has provided job opportunities for local people, leading to a decrease of unemployment rates and an advancement of local economies (Richard Alvin, 2001). Dangers of globalization to human rights Despite the many benefits of globalization, its negative impacts should not be forgotten because of its serious threats on human rights. With the xpansion of trade, market, foreign investment, in order to attract investors and competing with other countries, governments not only offer the most accordant and cheapest labor, but also reduce taxes. In addition, governments primarily concentrate on developing infrastructure while standards of the environment, health and safety have been ignored. Moreover, in order to advance infrastructure, a budget deficit may occur when government exp enditure is greater than tax collections. Therefore, governments must borrow money to fund their deficit spending. As a result, local community has to be responsibility for most costs including production, advancing society and protecting environment. Chunakara (2000) claims that liberalization may lead to an increase in inequality and directly affect the poor in escaping from poverty. It is possible that they will forever live in poverty and inequality, unless governments have relevant policies due to the fact that they have to work in hazardous conditions with low income. In other words, poor may have to face violation of human rights including low-wages, poor working conditions and child labor. With the liberalization of global trade, developing countries have found foreign investment for development though cheap labor (Chunakara, 2000). Many factories have been opened up in rural areas or suburbs of cities and attracted a lot of local workers. However, these employees had been not paid even the minimum daily wage. For example, in the early 1990s, in Indonesia, some shoes factories of Nike only paid workers an extreme low-wage level, approximately US$1, only covered 70% of the necessary need that one person must pay (Richard et al. , 2003). This level was not adequate to worker’s life, thus, it led to a wave of criticism against Nike and its managers owing to the violation of human rights. In other words, to a certain extent, globalization may lead to inequality for workers because their rights are ignored. Another problem caused by globalization is poor working conditions. In order to maximize profit, factories neglect safety standards that have serious influences on worker health. Despite working in polluted environments, they lack of equipment needed for protection. For example, in 1997, the rate of toxic chemicals exceeded allowed levels from 6 to 177 times in sections of Nike’s factory in Vietnam. This chemical may cause serious effects to nervous system, skin and eyes (Richard et al. , 2003). If workers injured grievously, they could have consequences for many generations. This was a dangerous issue concerning with ethics, leading to an increase in criticism against Nike. This is a clear example of globalization having substantially contributed to violence of human rights. Problems of globalization should be considered and found solutions for them, but, the most serious issue of child labor must be eliminated immediately. This is due to the fact that children are the future of the world, their development have impacts on many generations. Therefore, this issue has created a wave of controversy throughout the world. Siddiqi and Patrinos (1995) point out that Asia and Africa have the highest rates of working children, accounting for approximately 90 percent of total child workers, led by India with 44 million child workers. It is clear that children mainly concentrate in rural regions where majority families are living in poverty. They have to work full time in hazardous conditions and low income instead of going to school. Therefore, it is necessary to find underlying causes of this issue. Firstly, developing countries only concentrate on advancing infrastructure in steady of school, leading to the low qualification of the education. Therefore, the parents believe that it is a waste of time for their children going to school while they may obtain experience in working and contribute to family income. Weiner (in Siddigi 1995) state that the proportion of illiterate Indians over 15 years old accounted for approximately 59 percent. This is a worth alarming rate (Siddiqi el al, 1995). Furthermore, in order to attract foreign investment, government may ignore a variety of illegal sectors. In other words, there is a lack of enforcement of policies among own nations. For example, in Costa Rica, the lowest limited age for working is lower than that for education, leading to a result that children can go to work before finished educational program (Siddiqi el al, 1995). Therefore, it is necessary to have a modification of policies for controlling child labor. In conclusion, children work for some reasons, but, its underline cause is effects of globalization on developing countries. Solutions for problems of globalization Human rights are inherent to human being. Therefore, protection from violence, exploitation and abuse is essential. Governments need to have relevant policies to both develop economy and ensure rights for citizens. At the same time, it is necessary to find methods which may control these policies following the principles in order to limit human rights violence. In addition, each problem must have independent solutions. For example, for low wage issue, governments should have the laws of minimum wages because it is unlikely to rely on low wages to advance economy. If wage levels were enhanced, workers would have an increase in the quality of life. In other words, they increase the capability to pay fees, taxes and loans while still ensure education and health care for their children. In 1999, in Indonesia, under pressure from public, government enhanced minimum wages to US$26. As a result, this led to a rise in wages for employees in some companies. For instance, about US$33 is average wages for labors working in Nike (Rechard et al, 2003). This is not only being the optimal solution for eliminating poverty, but also motivating labors at work. Another problem is poor working conditions which must be close control of standards to protect rights of workers. All of factories need to sign pledges of safety and health conditions. For example, Nike has obligated its suppliers signing a Code of Conduct. This means that they have to secure toxic chemical concentrations in acceptable standards and provide the protective equipment for labors. This is essential conditions and workers have rights to get it. Child labor is a serious issue which is difficult to solve by few solutions because there are many reasons which cause this problem. Therefore, in order to eliminate it, governments have to combine many different ways. Firstly, there have the reasonable laws of the minimum age for working and that for school to keep children in school (Gary, 1997). Moreover, governments need to invest in quality education to encourage parents take their children into education. Gary (1997) states that the method, which annual pay for poor parents if they remain their children in school until 14 years old is being under the debate in some nations in Latin America. This may lead to a decrease of child labor, but, it is only temporary solution. For some children having ill parents, they are compulsory to work to survive, so, having special policies for this situation is under the necessity of doing of government. Factories should have training course for child worker to increase skills and knowledge. These are useful for their own job both in present and in future (Rechard, 2003). Conclusion Taken together, this invites the conclusion that globalization has both its winners and losers. With the expansion of trade, market, foreign investment, developing countries may see the gaps among themselves widen.

Monday, March 23, 2020

Brand Extension for Zara free essay sample

The purpose of this report is to examine the brand extensions strategy of Zara which include these areas: the marketing objectives of brand extension, the relationship between competitive advantage of Zara and the brand extension strategy, the model and concept of evaluate customers’ attitude towards FFB extensions to judge whether the company is suitable to adopt brand extension strategy, apply the model into Zara’s three proposed extensions and the strengths and weaknesses of this strategy. Marketing Objectives Brand extension can be defined as ‘the use of an established brand name on a new brand within the same broad market or product category’ by Jobber (2007) and as stated by Choi, et al (2010) a typical definition is ‘the use of an established brand name to enter new product categories or classes’. As brand equity contribute to an increase of share value of the intangible assets of the company (Madden, Frank amp; Susan, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Extension for Zara or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Brand extension is a key tool to enhance brand equity (Susan, Hang amp; Mary, 2012). Therefore, the objectives of implementing brand extension are enhancing the brand equity value, increasing sales and enhancing the consumers’ image of the brand values by increased communication (Jobber, 2007). Competitive advantages of Zara According to the founder of Inditex, Amancio Ortega indicated that the aim of Zara is ’to democratise fashion by offering the latest fashion in medium quality at affordable prices’. The competitive advantages of Zara which differentiate from other competitors are the turnaround time and the feedback information from store (Lopez amp; Fan, 2009). Zara can finish designing, manufacturing, delivering a new clothing within four weeks and display a new garment in two weeks (Economist, 2005). Managers of Zara need to contact with the store to discover the demand of customers in daily basis and its advanced technology enables this company to quick response to customers’ changing demand. The time factor and feedback from store clarified that Zara is a customer oriented company. Therefore, customers’ attitude towards brand extension is vital for Zara to make the decision. Model and concept Consumers’ perspective towards brand extension can be influenced by perceived fit, perceived quality, self-image, brand loyalty and involvement (Hansen and Hem, 2004). Brand extension fit as a determinant of a successful brand extension (Hem and Iversen, 2003) can be defined as perceived similarity and relevance with the parent brand (Broniarcyk amp; Alba, 1994). Aaker and Keller (1990) found that perceived fit can be evaluated by two areas: product concept consistency and product feature similarity. Park, et al (1991) expounded that people who had a higher brand concept association with the extended category would give relevant connection to the existing main brand. Martin, Stewart and Matta (2005) demonstrated that as long as the brand concept is highly consistent, even if the extended product category is different from the existing product, the two products can be regarded as ‘fit’. Thus, brand concept consistency is a key factor to test the extended product to be fit or not. As for the similarity, Aaker and Keller (1990) stated that there are three aspects of product features similarity between extended product and the parent brand product need to be investigated: complementarity (can be used together with original product), substitutability (can replace the original product) and transferability (manufacturing skills overlaps). The Consumer evaluation process model for fast fashion brand extensions is displayed as below. (Source from Choi, et al, 2010) Apply model into Zara The research carried out by Choi, et al (2010) which is considering three brand extensions of Zara: Zara music, Zara Moda (higher-end ladies’ wear) and Zara sports. To evaluate the attitude of consumers towards the brand extension of Zara, product concept consistency and product feature similarity can be adopted. In the research it has been shown that consumers’ attitudes towards Zara Music and Zara Moda are highly affected by the brand concept consistency while consumers’ attitude towards the FFB extension of Zara Sports are more affected by transferability aspect of similarity. Nevertheless, one aspect need to be mentioned, self-image has less influence on consumers’ attitudes towards FFB extension since people buy Zara concerned more about style and design of the product may not consider if the extension brand match their image (Choi, et al, 2010). The most significant factor that influenced customers’ attitudes towards brand extension of Zara is the perceived quality. Another aspect has been indicated by Swaminathan (2003), the degree of loyalty with the parent brand will affect consumer’s buying behaviour towards extended product. Therefore, according to the response of the consumers, in order to achieve a successful brand extension strategy, Zara as a FFB may need to focus more on increasing the brand loyalty and developing the quality of product and service. Strengths and weaknesses The awareness of the core brand reduces the advertising and other marketing costs (Jobber, 2007; Keller, 1993). Brand extension of a well known brand can reduce the risk of purchase on some distributors and consumers. The utilisation of the parent brand name raises customers’ intention to buy the new brand. Furthermore, implementing brand extension strategy can increase consumer’s perception of brand values and thus raise the sales of the core brand (Jobber, 2007). However, unexpected negative performance of the brand extension may influence the core brand’s reputation. The sales of parent brand may be diluted by the extended brand (Jobber, 2007; Keller, 1993). Last but not least, the encouragement of using brand extension strategy may lead to less focus on true innovation (Jobber, 2007). Conclusion Brand extension strategy can be adopted in Zara. Zara as a customer-oriented company, need to pay more attention to the customers’ attitude towards extension. Brand extension fit, perceived quality and brand loyalty may need to be considered more carefully while self image do not necessarily be taken into account in a FFB company. Although the advantages of brand extension are evident, the brand managers need to analysis their own brand’s situation, should be aware of the risks of implementing this strategy and may need to attempt to thinking in an innovated way instead of concentrate on minor brand modifications.

Friday, March 6, 2020

The Culture of Victimization and Empowerment of Lucy Westenra Women in Bram Stokers Dracula 1897 essays

The Culture of Victimization and Empowerment of Lucy Westenra Women in Bram Stokers Dracula 1897 essays Dracula, a novel written by the British writer Bram Stoker in 1897, chronicles the life of Jonathan Harker and Mina Murray in Transylvania, where as engaged lovers, they encountered Count Dracula of Transylvania. Count Dracula's character provides the horror element to the novel because it was rumored (in the novel) that the Count is a vampire, who victimizes women in the town of Transylvania through impalement. The main conflict comes when the Count transferred from Transylvania to England, where there are more opportunities to victimize more people, putting Mina in danger. Prior to Mina's victimization, her best friend Lucy Westenra has already been afflicted with the Count's vampirism.' Chapters 7 through 16 chronicles, through journal entries and correspondences, the worsening condition of Lucy, starting from her sickness right after being impaled by Dracula, and eventual transformation, or "birth," as a vampire (Project Gutenberg, 2004). Lucy's victimization and transformation as a vampire illustrates a strong point in the novel. Lucy, as the victim, and Mina, as the potential victim of Dracula in the novel, exemplifies the culture of "victimization of women" in the novel, where they are first illustrated as weak individuals and later empowered through the significant roles they played in defeating and overpowering Count Dracula. This paper analyzes the theme of victimization and empowerment of women in Dracula. Lucy and Mina, as the main women characters in the novel, played important roles as victims of the Count who eventually became instrumental in making possible the defeat of Count Dracula from Harker's group (Quincey Morris, Dr. John Seward, and Professor Abraham Van Helsing). This paper specifically uses the character of Lucy Westenra in order to argue the position of this thesis. The analysis shows that in order to become empowered, women must ...

Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Environmental Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Ethics - Essay Example Both authors have provided different categories of costs and benefits obtained from ecosystems, and more universal environmental principles. However, Steve Kelman does not agree with Freeman’s argument that cost-benefit analysis can be related to objectives mentioned above (e.g. human health protection, security, etc.). According to Kelman, regulatory judgments concerning the environment, security, and health are moral issues, and hence analysis of cost and benefit is improper since it necessitates the implementation of a poor moral mechanism. Kelman strengthens his position with several illustrations, majority of which concern individual or private judgments. He claims, in these circumstances, supporters of cost-benefit analysis, like Freeman, should abandon any moral doubts about human rights violation, deception, and corruption. These arguments about cost-benefit analysis can be used in addressing the poor food manufacturing process of fast-food companies, as discussed by E ric Schlosser. In his article, Schlosser gives a series of accusations against the unethical practices and processes of fast-food companies, such as refusal to give medical privileges, creating modern-day slavery, aggressive marketing to gullible children; these are the strategies employed by fast-food companies to maintain high profitability. Given this, and an idea of the arguments of Freeman and Kelman, cost-benefit analysis in this case may or may not be appropriate. Using the similar premises of Freeman and Kelman, cost-benefit analysis may be appropriate in determining how fast-food companies have powerfully changed the agricultural sector of industrialized nations, such as the United States. These fast-food companies, like McDonald’s, have generated marginal benefits to agriculture by centralizing production. However, because of this production consolidation, farmers and small enterprises are vanishing. There are also drastic alterations in animal domestication and foo d production which caused spates of food-related diseases, like the foot-and-mouth disease, mad cow, bird flu, and others. This situation, according to the arguments of Freeman and Kelman, may be subjected to cost-benefit analysis because of the nature of its effect to environmental policy. However, in terms of actual threats to human health, in accordance to Kelman’s arguments against the moral deficit of cost-benefit analysis, the case of poor food production practices is unviable. The unethical way fast-food companies conceal to the public the actual health perils of their products substantiate Kelman’s argument. Furthermore, the industry of meat packing even benefits more from government protection or immunity. Question 2 According to Christopher Stone, corporations should not be socially responsible because they are inherently irresponsible. The primary justification Stone provided is that nobody, from the ordinary citizen to large organizations, has a basic idea of the nature and requirement of corporate responsibility. In order to develop a model of his argument, Stone raises fundamental issues and thoroughly

Monday, February 3, 2020

Information Technology and Knowledge Management Dissertation

Information Technology and Knowledge Management - Dissertation Example As the research stresses information technology is one field in which KM plays an important role in the making or breaking of a company. It should be noted that all IT companies are striving for KM to increase their competitive power and brand value in the heavily competitive IT business world. No It company can survive in this world without updating their knowledge. In fact, the ability to update knowledge works positively in the development of an IT company. This paper analyses the literature to know more about the importance of knowledge management in Information technology industry. According to the report findings Boisot model of KM depend on three factors; codification, abstraction, and diffusion. â€Å"Codification refers to the way we make use of explicit knowledge. In a general formulation, codification is a process by which we create conceptual categories that facilitate the classification of events and phenomena†. Dalkir mentioned about the management of information and data in Boisot model. He has pointed out how Boisot model distinguishes information from data. â€Å"Information is what an observer will extract from data as a function of his or her expectation or prior knowledge. Effective knowledge sharing requires that senders and receivers share the context as well as the coding scheme†. In Boisot model of KM, the abstraction dimension is linked to knowledge creation through analysis and understanding whereas diffusion is linked to information access and transfer.

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Benefits of Tourism in Singapore

Benefits of Tourism in Singapore 1.0Â  Introduction 1.1Definition of Tourism industry Tourism refers to the movement of people from different social and cultural background travelling out of their usual environment staying in a different place for business, personal, or professional reasons. These people are commonly referred to as tourist. Their actions in the country they visit affects the local economic market as they carry out their activities, as most of which may require them to spend money thus increasing the expenditure in the local markets which in turns boosts the GDP of the respective country (Media.unwto.org, 2014b). Therefore the tourism industry is formed to cater to the needs and demands of locals and tourists in terms of products and services and is defined as such in this report. 1.2 What does the tourism industry mean to Singapore? As Singapore lacks natural resources, the tourism industry serves as an integral factor that acts as a crucial pillar for the economy of Singapore. It contributes an estimated 4% to the gross domestic product of Singapore and also provides jobs to about 160,000 people. The tourism industry serves to reaffirm Singapore’s position as a global cosmopolitan city that is dynamic, able to cater to the locals’ and tourists’ demands for leisure, entertainment, giving consumers enhanced quality and diversity in terms of leisure creating a wider range of options creating a vibrant living environment that Singaporeans can proudly call home (Stb.gov.sg, 2014). 2.0Â  Economic Impact Analysis Four types of Economic Impacts that Tourism have on the economy 1-Direct contributions Tourism’s direct contributions are results of revenue earned from tourists’ expenditure by businesses like hotels, restaurants, retail outlets, transportation services, cultural / sports and recreational services. 2-Indirect contributions Some of the indirect contributions derive from investment spending from the businesses of the travel and tourism, Government expenditure in the form of investment to improve or enhance the industries. 3-Induced contributions The direct and indirect employees involved in this sector then in turn contributes to the consumption by spending their wages on food and beverages, recreational activities, clothes, housing and household goods. 4-Total contributions Therefore the total contributions from the direct, indirect and induced contributions will in turn affect the GDP and the employment rate as they affect various factors of the GDP equation which also affects the production rate thus increasing the GDP and employment rate in a situation when there is an increase in revenue and demand from tourist and with certis paribus assumed. 2.1 Contributions to Singapore’s GDP The latest press release by UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, shows that expenditure receipts international visitors spent on food and beverages, services, entertainment, accommodations and much more totaled up to an estimated SGD$ 1,455 billion during 2013. And that the growth rate of receipts experienced a 5% increase from 1035 million during 2012 to 1087 million during 2013(Media.unwto.org, 2014a). According to an economic report by Singapore’s Travel and Tourism Economic Impact report 2014, in 2013 travel and tourism’s direct contribution to Singapore’s GDP was SGD$ 19.1 billion (5.3% of total GDP) Singapore’s GDP. Its GDP contributions in 2014 is expected to experience a 5.8% increase, and also to experience a 3.4% increase per annum, as of 2014-2024, to SGDS$ 28.3 billion as of totaling a 5.3% of the total GDP in 2024 (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2014). The abovementioned news and report serves as macroeconomic examples that shows how tourism is able to increase consumption of goods through expenditure internationally and in a country. It also shows that tourism’s contributions to a nation’s GDP shows positive signs of growth thereby explaining why Singapore’s government is showing increased interest in the economic impacts that tourism presents on national and local levels. 2.2 Supports Job and Induces Investments The tourism industry serves to support employment indirectly by providing 295,620 job positions which makes up 8.7% of the total employment in Singapore. Currently, there is a SGD$ 16.2 billion worth of investment in the tourism industry which contributes to 19.7% of total investment which also expects to experience a 5.5% increase this 2014 (Singapore Business Review, 2014b). Therefore if the tourism industry booms and experiences an increase in demand for goods and services, relevant services and manufacturing companies that indirectly contributes to the tourism industry may experience shortage of manpower as a result also creating increased job opportunities for the people in Singapore. Purchases from suppliers may also experience an increase as more products are needed to cater to the demands of the people. Also due to increased numbers and demands from tourists, the government of Singapore would therefore have increased reasons to further invest in the travel and tourism industry which will eventually contribute to the GDP equation. 2.3 Increase in Tax revenues The Singapore government imposes a ‘sin’ tax on alcohol and tobacco goods on all business. These taxes are paid by firms when importing such goods. Tourists that consume such products while in Singapore increases the demand for such goods which makes businesses increase their imports to meet the demand, allowing the government to collect more ‘sin’ taxes increasing tax revenues of the government. Given the recent news of a 25% increase in liquor taxes, the potential revenue that can be earned when tourist or locals consume such products provides substantial reasons for the Singapore government to be interested in investing in tourism sectors in an attempt to attract more tourists, increasing the demand and consumption for liquor to generate more tax revenues (Straitstimes.com, 2014d). 2.4 Attractions and events Major events like the Singapore F1 Grand Prix serves to turbo charge economies by attracting tourists from all over the world to Singapore. A 12.6% increase in advance bookings of flights show how such events contribute directly to the tourism industry, not to mention the increase consumption of other services and products like restaurants, hotel accommodations and other necessities (AsiaOne, 2014). Tourist attractions like gardens by the bay, marine life park, river safari and national art gallery also serve to provide a wider range of activities for tourists to engage in thus increasing the population of tourists affecting the demand of goods and services and further generating revenues for local businesses(Singapore Business Review, 2014a). Coupled with the Casinos in Marina Bay Sands and resort world makes Singapore attractive to tourists. 3.0 Demand Analysis 3.1 Changi Airport plans for Terminal 4 Changi Airport is planning to build a fourth terminal that costs $985 million that is expected to be completed in 2017. The new terminal is expected to allow Changi Airport to cater to 16 million travelers annually (Straitstimes.com, 2014a). A new multi-story car park will also allow it to provide about 1500 parking lots. Coupled with the fact that Changi airport won Skytrax’s title for being the best airport, the planned terminal 4 would be able to increase the overall service quality making it a preferred airport resulting in increased demand as preferences is one of the main factors that result in a change of demand (Straitstimes.com, 2014b). The increased population of tourists also causes the demand for goods and services to experience an increase as it corresponds to the population factor regarding change in demand. 3.2 Gastronomic Tourism Gastronomic tourism is an emerging type of tourism that is being developed and packaged into a new tourism trend. This is due to the fact that 1/3 of a tourists’ expenditure is spent on food and beverages which is a necessity. Gastronomic tourists make experiential trips to countries to visit producers of food, food fairs and gastronomic festivals some of which may even try to learn how to cook the local dishes (World Tourism Organisation 2014, 2014). When Singapore organizes food fairs or events like the Food Hotel Asia 2014 and Wine Spirits Asia at Singapore Expo which ended on 11th April 2014, the demand of such gastronomic tourists to travel to Singapore would experience a significant increase. The events was host to a record of 64,826 international trade attendees from more than a hundred countries and regions which was also a 5.8% increase from 2012 (Foodnhotelasia.com, 2014). Thus showing how events like these are able to affect the numbers and type of tourists increasing the demand of goods and services. 3.3 Medical Tourism Latest reports from RNCOS, predicts Singapore’s medical tourism to experience a compound annual growth of 30% within the forecasted period of 2013 to 2017. Singapore is emerging to become a leader in the medical tourism market as it prides itself on its highly skilled healthcare professionals and world class medical infrastructure. The expected growth of medical tourism is also attributed to the fact that Singapore has state of art medical facilities and costs that are affordable in relation to quality(Digitaljournal.com, 2014). Being a preferred location for medical procedures increases the numbers of such tourists. Singapore is increasingly able to attract growing numbers of patients from lesser developed countries like Mongolia and Cambodia along with the current majority of medical tourists from developed or developing countries like Indonesia and Malaysia and the occasional patients from China and India (Mfa.gov.sg, 2014). Patients of such medical tourism also serves to i ncrease the consumption of other services and goods as depending on the respective medical procedures, their stay may take days, weeks or even months. 4.0 Environmental Analysis 4.1 Safety and security Singapore recently ranked 2nd out of 99 in a law study. It also ranks top ten in terms of its civil justice systems (WJP Rule of Law Index, 2014). The republic has praised by the World Justice Project for having low crime rates, political violence and high confidence in its law enforcers. This gives tourists a sense of safety and security when they are in Singapore which will further increase the popularity and preference of Singapore as a tourist location giving rise in the numbers of tourist who will contribute to increase consumption of goods and services in the country. 4.2 Clean and Green City Singapore is globally renowned to be a clean and green metropolitan city that is known to be of low pollution levels. Also attractions like Gardens by the Bay strives to attract more people to choose Singapore as a tourist location by attempting to create a city surrounded by gardens capturing the essence of a tropical garden city Singapore in an attempts to attract and increase the numbers of eco-tourists(Gardens by the Bay, 2014). 5.0 Conclusion The positive contributions and economic impacts of tourism supports and maintain many jobs and is also expected to create more jobs and further contribute to the country’s GDP in future, therefore Singapore’s government should implement policies and take a more proactive approach to boost the tourism industry. Actions should be taken to spruce up bridges like the Cavanagh Bridge which is part of Singapore River’s historical structures (Zaccheus, 2014). They should also continue their efforts to organize events like the F1 Grand Prix, constantly improving the facilities of the Changi airport while making plans to capture and become a first class cruise tourism market by ensuring swift completion of the Marina Bay Cruise Centre as that market is expected to see a growth of up to 3.8 million passenger by the year 2020 (Kaur, 2014). Lastly further efforts and investments to improve medical facilities in Health City Novena should also be taken in order to attract more medical tourists and also benefit the locals (Straitstimes.com, 2014c). Once these recommendations are implemented, Singapore should be able to attract more tourist and experience the positive economic impacts that the tourism industry can offer.

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Abraham Lincoln Essay 2

Michael Hutsell Professor Hershenberg American Government I – 2301 Abraham Lincoln Throughout the long history of the United States there have been many hardworking, dedicated politicians that made our country strong and resilient. During the time of the greatest peril to our country one stood out more than any other. This man was Abraham Lincoln, one of the most resilient and pivotal leaders we have known. Abraham Lincoln came from humble origins in the backwoods of Kentucky. He was born on February 12, 1809 in a one room log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm, in southeast Hardin county Kentucky. His father (Thomas Lincoln) was a poverty stricken frontiersman after losing his farm, which along with his wife (Nancy Hanks Lincoln) and other children had to work hard everyday for the necessities of life. Lincoln was no stranger to hard work; he split logs plowed his families land and used his carpentry skills around the farm. He did prefer reading and learning to the hard work which caused a strained relationship between he and his father. He only received 18 months of formal education and was largely self educated. In 1816 Lincoln’s father lost his farm and was forced to move to Perry County, Indiana. This area of the country near the Ohio River was very remote and rugged. Their first winter at the new homestead was very harsh but they were able to survive. Unfortunately that summer Lincoln’s mother died from a deadly disease known as â€Å"milk sickness† and left his father with the children to raise alone(Lincoln research project). After the death of his mother the family fell apart and the most of the day to day work was left to Lincoln and his sister. In the winter of 1819 Lincoln’s father went back to Kentucky and found a new wife Sarah Bush Johnson who was a widow with three children (notable biographies. om). His new mother was a very positive light placed in his life. She was very affectionate and treated both sets of children the same as if she borne them all. She was especially fond of Abraham and he referred to her as his â€Å"Angel Mother† (biography. com). In 1830, after further financial misfortune, Lincoln’s father moved his famil y to Coles County Illinois, but Lincoln did not go with them deciding to head out on his own to New Salem. (Notablebiographies. com). At New Salem Lincoln was placed in charge of a mill and a store where he became very popular through his unique story telling. Shortly thereafter the New Salem debating society asked him to join where he became a very passionate and persuasive speaker (notable biographies. com). At this time the â€Å"black hawk war† which was a Native American uprising occurred. Lincoln decided to volunteer in New Salem and was elected Captain of his company. He saw little action during the short war and afterwards he stated that â€Å"he had seen no live, fighting Indians during the war but had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes† (biography. com). During this time Lincoln’s store eventually folded leaving him deeply in debt. He then worked as a rail splitter, land surveyor, and a postmaster all of which fell through increasing his dept even more. He did eventually pay them off thus earning the nickname â€Å"Honest Abe†. After Lincoln’s service in Black Hawk war ended, he decided to run as a candidate for the Illinois legislature. Despite his speaking talents he was not elected but did receive 277 of 300 votes cast in his home precinct in New Salem (notablebiographies. com). Lincoln was not deterred from his goal of becoming a member of the Illinois legislature, and in 1834 was elected. At this time John Todd Stuart, the leader of the Whig party, noticed Lincoln’s skill during his campaign. Stuart became Lincoln’s mentor in the state legislature taking him under his wing and pushed him to begin his law studies. Lincoln started practicing law in 1836 and served 4 terms in the state legislature where he became a Whig leader. In 1837 Lincoln moved to Illinois new capital Springfield. There he joined John Stuart’s law firm as a partner and continued his political career (notablebiographies. com) During this time he became the most successful lawyer in the state of Illinois earning 1,200 to 1,500 annually (biography. om) This compared to 1,200 for the governor and 750 for circuit judges (biography. com). His practice was based in Springfield but he would also make the rounds with the circuit court, where at first would earn only small fees for petty cases. After the railroads arrived Lincoln successfully defended the Illinois Central Railroad in many notable lawsuits where he earned sizeable legal fees (biography. com). During his tenure in the state legislature he espoused his opposition to slavery but would not go so far as to call himself and abolitionist. During the mid 1830s Lincoln met and courted Ann Rutledge but this ended in tragedy with her untimely death in 1835. In 1836 Lincoln pursued halfhearted Mary Owens and proposed, but she turned down his proposal. Later he met and courted Mary Todd who belonged to a very distinguished Kentucky family and was part of Springfield’s social aristocracy. Many of her family members and friends disliked their relationship which created a strain during the courtship. In 1840 they became engaged but the tension created between he and her social standing created much doubt in his mind concerning the marriage. On January 1, 1841 the engagement was ended and Lincoln fell into a deep depression. Later they worked out the issues related to their engagement and married on November 4, 1842. Lincoln and his wife had four children with only the eldest Thomas Lincoln living to adulthood. In 1846 Lincoln was elected to the U. S. Congress serving a single term in the Whig party. He proposed a bill for the emancipation of slaves in the District of Columbia (gradual and compensated), but due to the lack of support both the free white citizens of the district and the abolitionists it failed (biography. om). He also was outspoken in his criticism of the Mexican War, leading many inquiries challenging the current president James K. Polk real reasons for the war (biography. com). Due to his criticisms he lost his base of support in his own congressional district and was not reelected to the U. S. Congress. After he failed in his second congressional bid he was very frustrated with politics and took a five year hiatus until a new regional issue emerged in 1854. Lincoln’s political rival from Illinois, Stephen A. Douglas created a bill for opening all the land of the Louisiana Purchase to slavery. This act (Kansas and Nebraska Act) allowed the settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide if slavery should be permitted in their region. This created strenuous opposition in Illinois and eventually led to the disintegration of Lincoln’s Whig party and gave rise to the Republican Party. When Lincoln heard the Republicans where trying to attract Stephen Douglas he opposed it and decided to join the Republican party and challenge Douglas’s leadership within the state of Illinois Republican party (biography. om). Lincoln ran against Douglas for the Senate in 1858 and a famous series of debates between the two ensued throughout Illinois. During the debates Lincoln’s views on slavery emerged insisting Congress must exclude slavery from its territories. Lincoln stated in one of the debates that â€Å"A house divided against it cannot stand. I believe the government cannot endure perma nently half slave and half free†. On the other hand he did not espouse equality for the races nor did he endorse citizenship for African Americans. He stated to a crowd in Charleston Illinois that â€Å"I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors neither of blacks, nor of qualifying them to hold office†¦. † (biography. com) His inconsistencies regarding slavery led to his eventual defeat by Douglas. Through these debates Lincoln gained national recognition by the debates being published and he began to be considered as a presidential candidate. On May 18, 1860, Lincoln received the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention in Chicago. Lincoln’s full attention was then turned toward creating unity in the Republican Party. The Democrats on the other hand were much divided and Lincoln won the presidential election on November 6, 1860 by a decisive majority in the Electoral College. This created a serious crisis within the country due to South Carolina’s withdrawal from the Union. Several compromises were considered to halt the secession movement but all were unsuccessful in the end due to Lincoln’s opposition to any compromise regarding the free-soil position of the Republican Party (biography. com). After the failure to broker a compromise between the slavery and free soil states six more states seceded and created the Confederate States of America. Shortly after the secession, the issue of holding Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor was the first test of Lincoln’s presidency. South Carolina claimed the fort for the Confederacy and threatened to take it by force if needed. Lincoln neither wanted to provoke war or show any signs of weakness towards the Confederacy. He decided to re-supply the besieged fort but before he could do this the Confederates attacked thus starting the Civil War. After this attack Lincoln decided the Confederacy needed to be actively fought through a war not through a blockade (biography. com). This influenced his decision to send union troops to advance on Virginia at Bull Run resulting in a rout for the Union forces on July 21, 1861. After this setback at Bull Run, Lincoln created his military policy. He felt there should be several fronts which Union troops would use their superior manpower to advance simultaneously. He also used the superior union navy to create a naval blockade of all southern ports to strangle the Confederacy. At first for nearly two years the Union armies lacked effective command through indecisive generals and lacking unity of command. They consistently could not grasp Lincoln’s concept of total multi-pronged attacks. Lincoln, finally through the promotion of Ulysses S. Grant to overall command of Union forces, was able to put into effect his concept of a large, coordinated offensive to topple the Confederacy. This multi-front strategy was a success and on April 14, 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant. Only a few hours after Lee Surrendered to Grant Lincoln attended the play Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theatre. During the play John Wilkes Booth entered the state box where Lincoln was watching the play. At 10:15 P. M. , he shot Lincoln in the back of the head mortally wounding him. Lincoln was carried to the Petersen House across the street where at 7:22 A. M. April 15, 1865 he passed away (biography. com). He was not able to see the end to hostilities of the Civil War which he worked tirelessly to preserve the Union and plant the seeds that led to the end of slavery in the United States. I chose Abraham Lincoln because he was able to preserve our nation through his expert leadership, moral character and through the use of his superior speaking abilities. He exemplified this through several key speeches just prior and during the Civil War. His effective vision energized people, created meaning for followers, established a standard of excellence and bridged the gap between the present and the future (Johnson p. 85). The first speech occurred during his first inaugural address to the nation. In his inaugural address, Lincoln was faced with the difficult problem of building credibility with a relatively hostile audience. The Southern states were beginning to secede from the Union, only two federal forts were left standing in the South (these were under siege) and he had to be under armed guard because of death threats (Braden p. 68). To counter this explosive atmosphere Lincoln remained very calm and up to the actual address remained silent because he didn’t want to make any comments that might unnecessarily make the South explode in anger. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln began his address. His strategy for the address was to increase his credibility by appearing thoughtful, law-abiding, and by keeping strictly to his prepared manuscript. Lincoln directed his address mainly to the Southerners and to the border states that could either join the Union or the Confederacy. He first wanted to make it clear to the South that he did not want to interfere with the institution of slavery or the Fugitive Slave Act (Braden p. 74). Lincoln also wanted to make it clear that the Union of states cannot be separated into a separate North and South. Another goal Lincoln proposed was peaceful reconciliation. He would leave the Southern people alone if they would elect loyalists to office and uphold the constitution of the United States. In return he would not use force to enact this process. In his inaugural address Lincoln was successful at projecting and building his credibility as president. He exhibited trustworthiness by talking in a clear and simple way and by being very honest regarding his goals and views. The speeches outcome enabled his followers to share in his views and fight to preserve the Union. He also tried to alleviate the fears of the Southerners and Border States by diminishing his abolitionist persona and lessening the probability of an invasion of the South. Lincoln’s dynamic and unifying speaking skill was demonstrated with his Gettysburg address. The Gettysburg address was given by Lincoln after the terrible battle had taken place and the area was to be consecrated as a national cemetery on November 19, 1863. During this speech Lincoln wanted to commemorate the men who died in the battle by giving a short but eloquent speech. He also had a larger purpose, he wanted to make a statement that would make the citizens from both the North and the South start to think about peace. He also wanted to rekindle the Union’s patriotic resolve to win the war and preserve the Union. The Gettysburg address as presented by Lincoln: â€Å"Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that nation-or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated – can long endure. We are now on a great battlefield of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of those who have given their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this, but, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will very little note nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated, here, to the unfinished work that they have thus far so noble carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth† (Barton p. 1-82). The speeches eloquence and shortness took the audience by surprise and they were very affected by its delivery. Lincoln knew this was a pivotal opportunity and he also realized the audience was motivated to be there to remember the soldiers who died in the battle. He played on their strong emotions by prompting them to not let these soldiers die in vain, but to let their memory give them renewed strengt h to win the war. His most important aim was to strengthen the resolves of the Unionists to continue the struggle and to save the United States. He also masterfully empowered his audience by handing his vision to them by telling them to honor the dead soldiers by becoming resolved to win the war no matter what. I feel through these two compelling speeches Lincoln was able to bring the country together and save the citizens from the depths of the Civil War. Through these speeches Lincoln demonstrated the power of the spoken word. Without Lincoln’s genius and abilities the Civil War could have been lost and the world today would be a vastly different place. Works Cited Braden, Waldo. Abraham Lincoln: Public Speaker. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. Johnson, Craig, Hackman, Michael. Leadership: A Communication Perspective. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press Inc. , 1996. www. Biography. com Abraham Lincoln (www. biography. com/search/article. do? id†=9382540 www. notablebiographies. com/Ki-Lo/Lincoln-Abraham. html